PAN MOHAMAD FAIZ

A. Preface

Child Labour’s Issues has seized world’s attention since few decades ago. International Labour Organization (“ILO”) as an international organizations concern on labour issues has issued a number of convention and recommendation related with rights and protection for child labour.

Child labour has a different meaning with child work (in bahasa Indonesia these terms give the same meanings). UNICEF defines Child Work as:[1]

“Children’s participation in economic activity that does not negatively effect their health and development or interfere with education can be positive. Work that does not interfer with education (light work) is permitted from the age of 12 years under the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 138”.

While the definition of Child Labour:

“This is more narrowly defined and refers to children working in contravention of the above standards. This means all children below 12 years of age working in any economic activities, those age 12 to 14 years engaged in harmful work, and all children engged in the worst forms of child labour.”

ILO defines Child Labour as:

“Children who lost their childhood and future, prematurely leading adult lives, working long hours for low wages under conditions damaging to their health and their physical and mental development”.[2]

In the terms of child work, children are doing light works which are not endangered their health. Such work is permitted by ILO Convention No.138 for children over the age of 12, for example are children in USA who are doing part time job as servant, babysitter, etc, to get some extra money. Whereas, the term of child labour refers to children under the age of 12 year or in the age of 12-14 year who engaged in various economic activity and doing dangerous work that can be harmful for their safety and health

Several factors urge the existences of child labour among other are poverty, serious economic crisis, natural disaster, armed conflict, and HIV/AIDS Epidemic (which cause the death of adult person in the family which force the children to take adult’s role to earn money)

B. ILO Convention No. 182/1999

On 17 June 1999, in ILO’s annual Convention, by unanimous votes, 174 member countries adopted the ILO Convention No.182 “Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of Child Labour”. This convention is a following step of Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment (Minimum Age Convention 1973), and also based on Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989.

ILO Convention No.182/1999 valid for persons under the age of 18 and effectively regulates to prohibit and eliminate the worst forms of child labour. This Convention is accompanied by Recommendation No.190 which obligated the ratifying states to immediately stipulate laws and sanction for any person who has involved in taking the children to the worst forms of child labour.

As ILO’s member, Indonesia has ratified this Convention by Law No.1 of 2000. The aforementioned Law requires the ratifying state to draft an action plan to implement concrete actions. Then the President issued a Presidential Decree No.59 of 2002 on National Action Plan on the Elimination of Worst form of Child Labour, which mention various works that can be classified as the worst forms of child labour as follows:

1. Child Prostitution;
2. Child work in the Mining Sector;
3. Child work as Pearl Diver;
4. Child work in Construction;
5. Child work in offshore fishery;
6. Child work as trash collector;
7. Child involved in the production an activity using explosive materials;
8. Child work in the street;
9. child work as domestic servant;
10. Child work in home industry;
11. Child work in the plantation area;
12. Child work in a woodcutting, wood processing and wood transportation industry;
13. Child work in an industry and activity using dangerous chemical material

C. Protection for Child Labour in Indonesian Laws and Regulations

As a ratifying state, Indonesia is obliged to provide the provisions regarding child labour in its laws and regulations. It is reflected in Law No.13 of 2003 on Manpower (“Manpower Law”), Law No.39 of 1999 on Human Rights (“Human Rights Law”) and Law No.23 of 2002 on Child Protection (“Child Protection Law”). The elaborations are as follows

• Manpower Law

In Manpower Law the term child is mentioned under Article 1 number 26 as quoted, “Child is every person under the age of 18 (eighteen) year”. Provisions regarding children can be found under Chapter X Articles 68 to 75. Pursuant to this regulation Entrepreneur is prohibited to employ children, but this provision can be exempted for children in the age of 13 to 15 year, where they are permitted to do light works as long as it do not interfere their physical, mental and social condition.

The worst forms of child labour are stipulated under Article 74 of Manpower Law which prohibited anyone to employ children in the worst forms of child labour. Article 74 Par.2 mention that the worst forms of child labour include as follows:

1. All kinds of job in the form of slavery or practices similar to slavery;
2. All kinds of job that make use of, procure, or offer children for prostitution, the production of pornography, pornographic performances or gambling;
3. All kinds of job that make use of, procure, or involve children for the production and trade of alcoholic beverages, narcotics, psychotropic substances and other addictive substances; and/or
4. All kinds of job harmful to the health, safety and moral.

Article 75 states that the Government is under an obligation to make efforts to overcome problems concerning with children who work outside of employment relationship. The terms of children outside the employment relation can be illustrated by children work in informal sectors. Mostly child labours are found in informal sector.

• Human Rights Law

In this Law, it is provided under Article 64 that every child is entitled to be protected from economic exploitation and protected form every works that can be harmful for him/her and may interfere their education, moral, social and spiritual life.

• Child Protection Law

In this law, protection for children from the economic exploitation is provided under Article 13 and 59.

D. International Programme on The Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

Since a decade ago, in order to eliminate child labour, Indonesia has begun its cooperation with International Programme on The Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC). The cooperation was started on 1992 when Indonesia signed an agreement with ILO to start the IPEC. IPEC in Indonesia has supported approximately 67 actions programme and 26 mini programmes which conducted with its partners.[3] ILO and Indonesian Government then established National Committee for Child Labour to ensure that child labour activities are in line with national policy and to coordinate various different programmes.[4]

In the first five year, main purposes of the National Action Plan are:

1. Increase people awareness that the worst forms of child labour must be eliminated.
2. Mapping the existence of elimination the worst forms of child labour and the efforts to eliminate it.
3. Developing and conducting the of the worst forms of child labour programme with the main priority in particular field as follows:
   · child trafficking for prostitution ;
   · child engagement in offshore fishery activity (known as Jermal) ;
   · work in Mining Industry;
   · work in Informal Shoes/Slipper Industry ;
   · children work in illicit drugs trade/industry

Such priority was made after conducting a rapid assessment (kajian cepat)[5] on what kind of works mostly involved children and need to be handled immediately. In conducting the programmes, Indonesian Government is in cooperation with ILO-IPEC. IPEC[6] offers technical assistance to the member countries to support their policy and Laws reformation and encourage them to conduct concrete actions as the implementation of law and regulations regarding child labour.[7]

For the implementation of its programme in Indonesia, IPEC is having cooperation with the Government (Department of Manpower, Department of Education, Department of Social Welfare), Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), Labour Organization, Entrepreneur Organization and University.

E. Time Bound Programme

Time Bound Programme (TBP) is a term initially used by ILO in the year 1998-1999 in the International Labour Conferenfe (ILC). TBP is a part of IPEC programme. TBP is a comprehensive and time bounded programme to eliminate the worst forms of child labour. In respective ILO’s member countries various terms can be used to refer TBP.

In Indonesia TBP is formed by the National Action Plan (as elaborated in the Presidential Decree No.59 of 2002). ILO deemed the National Action Plan (“NAP”) as Indonesia’s TBP, based on the following reasons:[8]

1. NAP is based on a unequivocal commitment (through various laws and regulations);
2. NAP stipulates few sectors that would be the main priority to be intervened;
3. NAP uses many focused strategies;
4. NAP involves many stakeholders;
5. NAP has a distinct time frame.

F. CONCLUSION

At glance, Indonesia has provided sufficient Laws and Regulations to handle Child Labour’s issues. In cooperation with ILO-IPEC and Non-Governmental Organization, numbers of efforts has been made. The problem is the implementation of sanction, where the sanction for employer who engaged children in the worst forms of child labour has not been strictly imposed, since the society itself is not enough ready to receive such sanction. In many place, child’s decision to work is fully supported by their parents and family in order the release them from poverty and to reach a better life. However, a strict legal process and sanction has been rendered to Employer who has engaged children in an offshore fishery, while in other field like manufacturing industry such sanction has not been imposed yet.

***

[1] “Child Labour, ”http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_childlabour.html , accessed 30 June 2005.

[2] Andri Yoga Utami et al., Pekerja Anak di India (Jakarta: JARAK, 2002), P.10

[3] International Labour Organization, Paket Informasi Kampanye Bentuk-Bentuk Terburuk Pekerjaan untuk Anak; Pekerja Anak, Apa yang Dapat Kita Lakukan, (Jakarta : ILO, 2001), P.6.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Rapid Assessment was conducted by SKEPO Foundation in Bandung, with the assistance of ILO-IPEC. SKEPO Foundation is a foundation who has deep experience in the field of research.

[6] International Programme on The Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) was established by ILO in 1992, it is a programme under ILO who aimed to eliminate child labour in the world, with specific purpose to eliminate the worst forms of child labour.

[7] International Labour Organization dan Depnakertrans RI, Panduan untuk Pengawas Ketenagakerjaan, (Jakarta : ILO, 2002), P.ix.

[8] Based on information from Mr.Abdul Hakim, National Programme Officer ILO Jakarta.

Menanggapi pertanyaan yang disampaikan oleh Sdr. Adit (Universitas Brawijaya) dan Ibu Riku (Individual) mengenai “Status Anak Luar Kawin dari Perkawinan Campuran” (red- dari pasangan beda bangsa/campuran), secara ringkas berikut analisa yang dapat diberikan:

Berdasarkan ketentuan hukum Indonesia, Pasal 43 ayat (1) UU Perkawinan Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dijelaskan bahwa “Anak yang dilahirkan di luar perkawinan hanya mempunyai hubungan perdata dengan ibunya dan keluarga ibunya”. Oleh karena itu, apabila sang Ibu berkewarganegaraan Indonesia, maka si Anak akan mengikuti warga negara dan hukum sang Ibu. Bila sang Ibu berkewarganegaraan asing maka si Anak akan ikut warga negara ibunya yang WNI. Hal ini juga diatur dalam UU No. 12 Tahun 2006 (“UU 12/2006”) tentang Kewarganegaraan (UU Kewarganegaraan yang baru) dalam Pasal 4 huruf g, mengenai siapakah yang bisa disebut sebagai warga negara Indonesia, yaitu:

“Anak yang lahir di luar perkawinan yang sah dari seorang ibu Warga Negara Indonesia”

Lalu bagaimana dengan anak luar kawin yang ibunya WNA dan ayahnya WNI, tetapi sang ayah mau mengakui Anak tersebut sebagai Anaknya? UU 12/2006 juga telah mengatur mengenai hal tersebut, di mana dalam Pasal 4 huruf h tercantum bahwa WNI adalah:

“Anak yang lahir di luar perkawinan yang sah dari seorang ibu warga negara asing yang diakui oleh seorang ayah Warga Negara Indonesia sebagai anaknya dan pengakuan itu dilakukan sebelum anak tersebut berusia 18 (delapan belas) tahun atau belum kawin”.

Kemudian bagaimana dengan anak luar nikah yang ibunya WNI lalu ayahnya WNA tapi sang ayah mau mengakui anak tersebut? Berdasarkan pasal 5 (1) UU 12/2006, dijelaskan:

“Anak Warga Negara Indonesia yang lahir di luar perkawinan yang sah, belum berusia 18 (delapan belas) tahun atau belum kawin diakui secara sah oleh ayahnya yang berkewarganegaraan asing tetap diakui sebagai Warga Negara Indonesia”.

Tetap diakuinya anak-anak tersebut diatas sebagai WNI berdasarkan Pasal 6 UU 12/2006 menyebabkan anak-anak ini mempunyai kewarganegaraan ganda sampai usianya 18 tahun atau sudah kawin, di mana ia dibolehkan untuk memilih kewarganegaraannya. Pernyataan untuk memilih kewarganegaraan disampaikan secara tertulis kepada Pejabat yang ditugaskan oleh menteri untuk mengurusi bidang kewarganegaraan, dengan dilampiri dokumen sesuai peraturan perundangan.

Anak-anak yang lahir dari hubungan luar kawin lalu diakui atau diakui secara sah oleh ayahnya yang WNA atau WNI, seperti tersebut diatas, dan ia belum berusia 18 (delapan belas) tahun atau belum kawin memperoleh Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia berdasarkan Undang-Undang 12/2006 dengan mendaftarkan diri kepada Menteri melalui Pejabat atau Perwakilan Republik Indonesia paling lambat 4 (empat) tahun setelah Undang-Undang ini diundangkan.

Demikian penjelasan yang dapat diberikan semoga membantu.

Salam,

Jurnal Hukum PMF

Introduction

The European Commission for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter referred as “ECHR”) was signed at Rome on November, 1950. It entered into force in September, 1953. There are 22 parties to it. Eleven Protocols to European Convention have also been signed, either, adding the rights recognized in convention or amending the convention. The European Convention comprises of 66 Articles divided into five sections.

ECHR has been amended several times by the eleven protocols adding the rights recognized in the Convention, enabling the European Court of Human Rights to give advisory opinions on matters relating to interpretation of the Convention and allowing use of special chambers abolishing the death penalty and providing certain procedural safeguards for expulsion of aliens thereby improving the procedural efficiency of the European Commission on Human Rights.

One of the important Article found in Article 16 which provides that nothing in Article 10 (right to freedom of expression), Article 11 (right to freedom of peaceful assembly and to freedom of association) and Article 14 (non-discrimination including on the ground of national or social origin in the enjoyment of rights and freedoms set fourth in the Convention) shall be regarded as preventing, the High Contracting Parties from imposing restriction on the political activity of aliens.

Implementation

The implementation of the European Convention can be divided into following two parts:

1. The Old System
2. The New or Present System

1. The Old System

The old system continued up to 31st October, 1998. Protocol XI of the European Convention abolished the provisions relating to Commission in the European Convention were deleted. Under the old system which lasted up to 31st October, 1998, there were two institutions for the implementing of the Convention. They are a European Commission of Human Rights hereinafter referred as “the Commission”, and a European Court of Human Rights hereinafter referred as “the Court”.

• European Commission of Human Rights

The Commission consisted of a number of members equal to that of the High Contracting Parties but no two members of the commission may be the nationals of the same State. The members of the Commission were elected by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe by an absolute majority of votes, from a list of names driven up by the Bureau of the Assembly.

The members of the Commission were elected for a period of six years. They are entitled for re-elections. The members were to sit in their individual capacity. The election was so managed as to relieve half of the members of the original convention every three years.

The Commission received inter-state communication as well as individual communication alleging breaches of the provisions of the convention.

The most distinctive features of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is the optional procedure under article 25, whereby an individual claiming to be a victim of a violation of one of the rights guaranteed by the Convention could present a complaint against his own (or another) government to the Convention for investigation. Individual is given direct access to an international tribunal and is recognized as having the standing necessary to pursue his rights under International law (See Donnelly et, al. v. The United Kingdom, 1973).

In practice, the Commission was by far the most important organ established by the ECHR. It received large number of petitions every year.

As noted above, the provisions relating to European Commission on Human Rights were deleted with effect from 1st November, 1998. The present position, therefore, is that there is no European Commission on Human Rights.

• The European Court of Human Rights

As stated above with the effect from 1st November, 1998 the only institution for the implementation of the provisions of the European Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) is European Court of Human Rights. A detailed discussion of this court will be made below.

2. The Present System

Under the new or the present system, European Court of Human Rights is the only institution for the implementation of the European Convention. It will be desirable to discuss here in detailed the provisions of the European Convention relating to the Court.

• Jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights

Article 32 of the European Convention provides that the jurisdiction of the Court shall extend to all matters concerning interpretation and application of the Convention and the protocols thereto which are referred to it as provided in Articles 33, 34 and 47. In the event of dispute as to whether the Court has jurisdiction, the Court shall decided.

Thus The European Court may have following three types of jurisdiction. They are:
(1) Inter-State cases (Article 33);
(2) Individual application (Article 34);
(3) Advisory Opinions (Article 47).

• Just Satisfaction

If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention o Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Parties concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford the satisfaction to the injured party.

• Binding Force and Execution of Judgments

Under Article 46 of the Convention, the High Contracting Parties have undertaken to abide by the final judgment of the Court in any case to which they are parties. Further, the final judgment of the Court shall be transmitted to the Committee of Ministers which shall supervise its execution.

Some Example Cases

• Handyside v. United Kingdom

This case was relating to right of freedom of expression contained in article 10 of ECHR. In this case seizure of the book of Handyside his conviction and fine were held to be justified under Article 10(2) on the ground of “protection of morals”.

• Ireland v. United Kingdom

This case is also relating to Article 3 of ECHR which deals with freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment. In this case the Court held that the techniques applied amount to a practice of in human and degrading treatment constituting a breach of Article 3.

• 3. Wemhoff v. Federal Republic of Germany

This case related to the liberty of the person and involved the interpretation of Article 5(3) and Article 6(1) of ECHR.

Conclusion

Firstly, European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) is the first important regional convention on human rights, which goes beyond the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and gives to civil and political rights contained therein by binding commitments.

Secondly, it precisely defined civil and political rights and clarifies the contents of these rightly by adding exceptions, limitations or restrictions to which such right are subject.

Thirdly, it provides machinery for the implementation of rights, namely, (1) Commission; (2) the Court; and (3) the Committee of Ministers. Later on (i.e., in 31st October, 1988) the Commission was abolished by Protocol XI.

Lastly, as regards the European Court of Human Rights, even the chance or possibility of a case going to court is definitely a great advance.

Main Sources:

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
2. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950.
3. Dr. S.K. Kapoor, International Law and Human Rights, 15th Edition, Central Law Agency, 2004.
4. H.O. Aggarwal, International Law and Human Rights, 13th Edition, Central Law Publications, 2006.
5. Prof. J.K. Kaul and Prof. S.L. Bhalla, Law of International Organisation and Human Rights: Case Material (Private Circulation), 2003.
6. etc.

Author: Pan Mohamad Faiz
Subject: International Organisation, Law and Humanitarian
Time: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The Security Council of the United Nations has primary responsibility under the UN Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security. During the first forty-five years of its existence, the Council was largely paralysed by the Cold War, but since 1990 and the thawing of the global political climate, it has been very active.

The Security Council is composed of fifteen UN member States, five of which are permanent members — United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Russian Federation, and China. The permanent members have the power to ‘veto’ a substantive decision of the Council by voting against it. The other ten members of the Council are elected by the General Assembly to two-year non-renewable terms, with five new members elected each year. The ten elected members, known in Charter language as “non-permanent members,” are selected according to a distribution formula from each of the world’s major regions.

In the key realm of peace and security, it performs several main functions. It assists in the peaceful settlement of disputes. It establishes and oversees UN peace-keeping forces. And it takes enforcement measures against recalcitrant States or other parties.

Acting under Chapter VI of the Charter, the Council ‘shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties’ to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means such as negotiation, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, or judicial settlement. And it may, if all the parties to a dispute request, make recommendations to the parties with a view to a peaceful settlement. Though the first UN peace-keeping force was established by the General Assembly, subsequent forces have been established by the Security Council, which exercises authority and command over them. Though the Charter does not expressly provide powers to the Council for peace-keeping forces, the International Court of Justice in a 1962 case found that the Council has an implied power for this purpose.

Peacekeeping forces are usually deployed by the Council only after ceasefires have been agreed upon and so the peacekeepers are only lightly armed and should not be confused with an army fighting an opposing force. The Security Council may also take enforcement measures which are more robust than peacekeeping. The ‘peace’ referred to in Article 39 may involve conflicts other than those between states. At the time the Charter was established, it was envisaged that conflicts within the borders of a state could also constitute a threat to or breach of the peace, and thus that the Council could order the use of enforcement measures.

Even though the illustration above describes that the Security Council has done it a good work for its functions, but in fact there are still several main problems that inflict to ineffectively of Security Council’s functions. For example, the veto-holding permanent members have the power to block any decisions that go against their interests or those of their allies; or even when decisions are taken, they often account for little more than lip service.

What people need is an organization that addresses the problems mentioned earlier, that is able to deter and prevent aggression between states and effective in brokering and enforcing settlements. Because of that this research paper will focus to analyses and discuss the role of Security Council in the maintenance of international peace and security, including discussion on the reform proposals of Security Council in the future. Structure of this research are:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
TABLE OF RESOLUTIONS
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER I: AN INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to Research Paper
1.2. Objectives
1.3. Research Methodology
1.4. Structure of Research Paper
CHAPTER II: OVERVIEW OF SECURITY COUNCIL
2.1. Composition
2.2. Function of the Security Council
2.2.1. Maintenance of International Peace and Security
2.2.2. Elective Functions
2.2.3. Supervisory Functions
2.2.4. Constituent Functions
2.2.5. Function in Relation to International Court of Justice
2.3. Voting System
2.3.1. Procedural and Non-Procedural Matters
2.3.2. Absence of a Member in the Security Council
2.3.3. Abstention from Voting in Security Council
2.3.4. Veto Power
2.3.5. Double Veto
2.4. Status of Resolution
CHAPTER III: THE ROLE OF SECURITY COUNCIL
3.1. General
3.2. Forms of Peaceful Mean
2.3.1. Call upon the Parties to Settle the Dispute Peacefully
2.3.2. Investigation of the Dispute
2.3.3. Recommendation for the Appropriate Procedures
2.3.4. Recommendation for the Terms of Settlement
3.3. Form of Taking Enforcement Action
3.3.1. Measures Involving Non-Use of Force
3.3.2. Measures Involving Use of Armed Force
3.3.2.1. Special Agreement
3.3.2.2. Military Staff Committee
3.3.2.3. Joint Action
3.4. Collective Security
CHAPTER IV: SECURITY COUNCIL REFORM
4.1. Main Aspects of the Reform
4.2. Reform Models
4.3. Reform Obstacles
4.3.1. The Veto
4.3.2. Membership
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Suggestions

BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURE

Global peace situation in the next future predicted to be increase after the nuclear issues come into force which many countries are vying to develop nuclear power for their energy resources or nuclear weapons since two years back. In the future, the role and initiative of Security Council will be very crucial to maintain the international peace and security.

Therefore, this research is very important for those who will study or have been studied on the realm of international law and international relation, particularly for my homeland law scholar because Indonesia has been elected to be a non-permanent member of UN Security Council for period of 2007-2009. Everyone who need this legal research, don’t hesitate to contact the writer by email pm_faiz_kw@yahoo.com or just fill the comment in guest book that has been provided in this Blawg.

Link for Related Articles:

• Indonesia Becomes UNSC Member
• North Korean Nuke Crisis
• International Court of Justice (ICJ)
• Present Legal Review of War in Iraq

Penulis: Pan Mohamad Faiz
Tebal: xi + 56 Halaman + Lampiran
Waktu: Desember 2006
Bahasa: Inggris

Dewan Keamanan PBB mempunyai tugas utama berdasarkan Piagam PBB untuk memelihara perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Selama empat puluh lima tahun di awal keberadaannya, Dewan Keamanan dirasakan sangat tidak berdaya akibat perang dingin yang terjadi. Namun sejak tahun 1990, di mana telah terjadi pencairan suhu politik global, Dewan Keamanan kini telah menjadi aktif kembali.

Dewan Keamanan ini terdiri dari 15 (limabelas) negara anggota, 5 (lima) diantaranya adalah anggota tetap yaitu Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Perancis, Russia, dan China. Anggota tetap ini mempunyai hak untuk memveto putusan yang akan diambil oleh Dewan Keamanan dengan cara menolak dan melawan putusan tersebut. Sepuluh anggota Dewan Keamanan lainnya dipilih oleh Mejelis Umum untuk jangka waktu 2 (dua) tahun keanggotaan yang tidak dapat diperpanjang, di mana 5 (lima) anggota baru dipilih setiap tahunnya. Sepuluh anggota terpilih dimaksud, sebagaimana disebut sebagai anggota tidak tetap dalam Piagam PBB, dipilih berdasarkan formulasi pembagian dari setiap wilayah utama dari seluruh penjuru dunia.

Sebagai kunci dalam menciptakan perdamaian dan keamanan dunia, Dewan Keamanan mempunyai beberapa fungsi utama. Dewan ini membantu untuk menyelesaikan sengketa secara damai, membentuk dan mengatur pasukan penjaga keamanan PBB, dan mengambil langkah-langkah khusus terhadap negara atau pihak-pihak yang tidak patuh terhadap keputusan DK PBB.

Bersandar pada Bab VI dari Piagam PBB, Dewan Keamanan tersebut harus, ketika dianggap perlu, memanggil para pihak yang bersengketa untuk menyelesaikan permasalahannya secara damai dengan cara, misalnya, negosiasi, mediasi, konsiliasi, arbitrasi, ataupun penyelesaian melalui jalur pengadilan. Dimungkin juga, jika semua pihak yang bersengketa sepakat, diberikan rekomendasi bagi para para pihak dengan cara-cara penyelesaian lainnya secara damai. Pasukan penjaga keamanan PBB pertama kali dibentuk oleh Majelis Umum PBB, namun setelah itu selalu dibentuk oleh Dewan Keamanan, di mana Dewan memegang kewenangan dalam memerintah terhadap mereka. Walaupun Piagam PBB tidak secara jelas memberikan kewenangan kepada Dewan Keamanan untuk membentuk pasukan penjaga keamanan, tetapi Mahkamah Internasional dalam satu kasus pada tahun 1962 menyatakan bahwa Dewan Keamanan mempunyai kewenangan tambahan untuk tujuan pembentukan tersebut.

Pasukan penjaga keamanan ini biasanya ditempatkan oleh Dewan Kemanan hanya apabila gencatan sejata telah disepakati oleh pihak yang bersengketa sehingga penjaga keamanan yang diturunkan hanyalah pasukan biasa dan bukan pasukan yang biasa diterjunkan dalam peperangan. Dewan Keamanan juga dapat mengambil tindakan yang lebih besar dari sekedar pengiriman pasukan penjaga keamanan. Pengertian “secara damai” dalam Pasal 39 Piagam PBB dapat termasuk dalam hal konflik yang terjadi di luar negara-negara yang bersengketa. Pada saat Piagam PBB dibentuk, hal ini juga dipertimbangkan bahwa konflik yang terjadi pada batas wilayah suatu negara dapat pula menimbulkan pelanggaran ataupun ancaman terhadap situasi damai, dengan demikian Dewan Keamanan dapat pula mengambil tindakan dalam hal ini.

Walaupun ilustrasi di atas menggambarkan bahwa Dewan Keamanan telah melakukan upaya yang sangat baik dalam menjalankan fungsinya, tetapi pada kenyataannya masih terdapat berbagai permasalahan yang telah menyebabkan ketidakefektifan dari fungsi Dewan Keamanan tersebut. Sebagai contoh, pemegang hak veto dari negara anggota tetap mempunyai kekuatan untuk membendung setiap keputusan yang akan berdampak merugikan bagi kepentingan mereka ataupun sekutunya masing-masing; ataupun contoh lainnya bahwa keputusan yang telah diambil, biasanya hanya menjadi “lip service” bagi pengimplementasian berikutnya.

Apa yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat dunia sekarang ini adalah Dewan Keamanan yang dapat melihat permasalahan sejak dini, Dewan yang dapat menghalangi dan mencegah terjadinya serangan antara negara-negara, serta Dewan yang mampu menjadi perantara dalam melaksanakan penyelesaian.

Berangkat dari uraian di atas, maka Penelitian Hukum ini mengambil fokus dan menganalisa mengenai peran dari Dewan Keamanan dalam memelihara perdamaian dan keamanan internasional, termasuk mendiskusikan mengenai reformasi Dewan Keamanan yang harus ditempuh di masa yang akan datang. Adapun sistematika dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
TABLE OF RESOLUTIONS
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER I: AN INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to Research Paper
1.2. Objectives
1.3. Research Methodology
1.4. Structure of Research Paper
CHAPTER II: OVERVIEW OF SECURITY COUNCIL
2.1. Composition
2.2. Function of the Security Council
2.2.1. Maintenance of International Peace and Security
2.2.2. Elective Functions
2.2.3. Supervisory Functions
2.2.4. Constituent Functions
2.2.5. Function in Relation to International Court of Justice
2.3. Voting System
2.3.1. Procedural and Non-Procedural Matters
2.3.2. Absence of a Member in the Security Council
2.3.3. Abstention from Voting in Security Council
2.3.4. Veto Power
2.3.5. Double Veto
2.4. Status of Resolution
CHAPTER III: THE ROLE OF SECURITY COUNCIL
3.1. General
3.2. Forms of Peaceful Mean
2.3.1. Call upon the Parties to Settle the Dispute Peacefully
2.3.2. Investigation of the Dispute
2.3.3. Recommendation for the Appropriate Procedures
2.3.4. Recommendation for the Terms of Settlement
3.3. Form of Taking Enforcement Action
3.3.1. Measures Involving Non-Use of Force
3.3.2. Measures Involving Use of Armed Force
3.3.2.1. Special Agreement
3.3.2.2. Military Staff Committee
3.3.2.3. Joint Action
3.4. Collective Security
CHAPTER IV: SECURITY COUNCIL REFORM
4.1. Main Aspects of the Reform
4.2. Reform Models
4.3. Reform Obstacles
4.3.1. The Veto
4.3.2. Membership
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Suggestions

BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURE

Situasi perdamaian global di masa-masa yang akan datang diperkirakan akan kembali naik, sebab issue senjata nuklir kembali mencuat setelah dalam 2 tahun terakhir ini berbagai negara kembali berlomba mengembangkan tenaga nuklir demi kepentingan sumber daya energi maupun senjata nuklir. Di masa yang akan datang peran dan inisiatif Dewan Keamanan PBB ini akan menjadi sangat krusial dalam menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Oleh karenanya, penelitian ini cukup penting bagi mereka yang akan dan telah bergelut dalam dunia Hukum Internasional ataupun Hubungan Internasional, terlebih lagi sejak Indonesia terpilih menjadi anggota tidak tetap Dewan Keamanan PBB untuk periode 2007-2009. Bagi anda yang berminat untuk mendapatkan penelitian ini bisa mengirimkan permohonan kepada Peneliti melalui email: pm_faiz_kw@yahoo.com atau mengisi pada bagian kolom komentar atau buku tamu yang telah disediakan.

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